An Aurignacian «garden of Eden» in Southern Germany ? an Alternative Interpretation of the Geissenklösterle and a Critique of the Kulturpumpe Model
نویسندگان
چکیده
New radiocarbon dates and results of new analyses from Geissenklösterle (Conard and Bolus JHE, 40: 331-71) were recently used to suggest that the Aurignacian of the Swabian Jura dates back to 40 ka BP and that this evidence supports the Kulturpumpe model according to which cultural innovations of the Aurignacian and Gravettian in Swabia predate similar developments in the remainder of Europe. Here we conduct a critical analysis of new and old evidence, discuss the relevance of Conard and Bolus’s hypothesis of a “Middle Paleolithic Dating Anomaly” to explain inconsistencies in the C determinations for Geissenklösterle, and conclude that the earliest Aurignacian occupation of this site does not predate ca 36.5 ka BP and probably took place between 35 and 33 ka BP. This interpretation is consistent with what we know about the taphonomy and environmental context of the site, with the technology and typology of the bone and lithic assemblages from its Aurignacian levels, and conforms well to the C dates on faunal remains modified by humans found therein. This interpretation is also consistent with the pattern of radiocarbon dates for the Aurignacian as a whole suggesting that the emergence of this technocomplex dates to ca 36.5 ka BP ; that the process appears to our eyes as simultaneous is to be expected in the first place due to the poor resolution of available dating methods. Modern behavior as inferred from the use of objects of personal ornamentation is documented in the Châtelperronian and the Initial Upper Paleolithic of the Levant; both predate the Aurignacian chronometrically and stratigraphically. The emergence of the Aurignacian and of modern behavior in Eurasia were considered for a long time as one and the same problem, but it is now clear that these are two independent issues that must be considered separately. Key-words : Aurignacian, C dating, behavioral modernity, anatomically modern humans. Résumé : Un Jardin du Paradis aurignacien en Allemagne du Sud ? Une inteprétation alternative de la séquence de Geissenklösterle et une critique du modèle de la Kulturpumpe. Sur la base de nouvelles dates C et de nouvelles analyses effectuées à Geissenklösterle, Conard et Bolus (JHE, 40: 331-71) ont récemment proposé que l’Aurignacien du Jura Souabe soit daté à 40 ka BP. Ce constat appuierait le modèle de peuplement appelé Kulturpumpe selon lequel l’Aurignacien et le Gravettien se seraient développés dans le Jura Souabe et que ce développement précèderait de quelques millénaires la diffusion de ces technocomplexes dans le reste de l’Europe. Nous proposons ici une analyse critique de l’ensemble des informations disponibles pour Geissenklösterle et discutons l’hypothèse de “l’anomalie du Paléolithique Moyen” proposée par Conard et Bolus pour expliquer les contradictions dans les datations C de ce site. Nous concluons, en contradiction avec ces auteurs, que la plus ancienne occupation aurignacienne de cette grotte est postérieure à 36,5 ka BP et doit probablement se situer entre 35 et 33 ka BP. Cette interprétation est en accord avec ce que nous savons sur la taphonomie, le contexte environnemental, la technologie et la typologie de l’outillage lithique et osseux des couches aurignaciennes de Geissenklösterle. Elle est également cohérente avec les dates C des restes de faune portant des traces de modifications anthropiques découvertes dans ces couches. Elle s’accorde aussi avec l’ensemble des dates disponibles pour l’Aurignacien d’Europe indiquant que ce technocomplexe s’est développé il y a environ 36,5 ka BP. Le fait que son émergence apparaisse à nos yeux comme simultanée à l’échelle européenne est dû à la faible résolution de la méthode du C. L’utilisation d’objets de parure, considérée généralement comme un indice archéologique de l’acquisition de comportements modernes, apparaît en Europe (Châtelperronien) et au Proche-Orient (Initial Upper Paleolithic) avant l’Aurignacien. L’origine de l’Aurignacien et l’émergence de la modernité culturelle en Eurasie ont souvent été considérées dans le passé comme deux faces de la même médaille. Il est aujourd’hui clair qu’il s’agit de questions qui doivent être discutées séparément. Mots-clés : Aurignacien, datations C, modernité culturelle, hommes anatomiquement modernes. (1) Departamento de História, Faculdade de Letras, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-214 Lisboa, Portugal. mel : [email protected] (2) UMR 5808 du CNRS, Institut de Préhistorie et de Géologie du Quaternaire, Université Bordeaux 1, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence, France. mel : [email protected]
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تاریخ انتشار 2004